Espionage or spying involves an individual obtaining information that is considered secret Secrecy is often controversial, depending on the content of the secret, the group or people keeping the secret, and the motivation for secrecy. Secrecy by government entities is often decried as excessive or in promotion of poor operation; excessive revelation of information on individuals can conflict with virtues of privacy and confidentiality or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage is inherently clandestine A clandestine operation is an intelligence or military operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed, as the legitimate holder of the information may change plans or take other countermeasures once it is known that the information is in unauthorized hands. See clandestine HUMINT Clandestine HUMINT includes a wide range of espionage sources. This includes the classic spy (called, by professionals, asset or agent) who collects intelligence, but also couriers and other personnel, that handle their secure communications. Other support personnel include access agents who may arrange the contact between the potential spy, and for the basic concepts of such information collection, and subordinate articles such as clandestine HUMINT operational techniques The Clandestine HUMINT page, dealt with the functions which that discipline can serve, including espionage and active counterintelligence, were presented. This page deals with Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques, also called "tradecraft". It applies to clandestine operations for espionage, and for a clandestine phase prior to and clandestine HUMINT asset recruiting This section deals with the recruiting of human agents who work for a foreign government, or other targets of intelligence interest. For techniques of detecting and "doubling" host nation intelligence personnel who betray their oaths to work on behalf of a foreign intelligence agency, see counterintelligence for discussions of the "tradecraft" used to collect this information.
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Duran contends that for over ninety years, the only application of 951 has been to prosecute cases dealing with espionage or subversive activities against ...
